This brief history of Oaxaca gives an idea of political, economic, social and cultural aspects that have occurred since the time that the human population occupied this corner of the country to the present day. The author builds a research, incorporating the latest historical interpretations with sources so far little explored, allowing the reader to analyze ruptures and continuities in the region, pointing out those elements which have a direct impact on the current dilemmas of the population of the state as well as the national population.