Armed conflict, including civil war, is inseparable from inequality and economic development. The intrinsic causes of conflict, even when it falls short of all-out warfare, are rooted in individual and group identity and the history of injustice and the mental framing of discrimination within society. Economics and political science have become increasingly interested in how the continuing failure of sustainable economic development and inequality has spawned armed conflict within states.Mansoob Murshed has pioneered research in the "rational choice" approach to conflict. This book includes his writings on issues of conflict causation to sustaining peace agreements, on how a peaceful state is made sustainable, the relationship of conflict with economic progress, the trade-conflict nexus, the effects of conflict on financial deepening and fiscal capacity, the effects of restricting international narcotics flows, aspects of the nature of transnational terrorism and the evolution of the fear of certain immigrant groups in Western nations. The essays cover both theoretical ideas, critical literature reviews, theory in a mathematical model, cross-national econometric empirical analysis, as well as sub-national econometric analyses. The enduring nature of war and conflict and uneven economic outcome make Murshed’s work of lasting significance.